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A COMMON STRUCTURE FOR CONCEPTS OF INDIVIDUALS, STUFFS, AND REAL KINDS: MORE MAMA, MORE MILK AND MORE MOUSE

Millikan , Ruth Garrett (1998) A COMMON STRUCTURE FOR CONCEPTS OF INDIVIDUALS, STUFFS, AND REAL KINDS: MORE MAMA, MORE MILK AND MORE MOUSE.

Short Abstract:

Concepts are highly theoretical entities. One cannot study them empirically without committing oneself to substantial preliminary assumptions. Among the competing theories of concepts and categorization developed by psychologists in the last thirty years, the implicit theoretical assumption of "descriptionism" has never been seriously challenged. I present a nondescriptionist theory of our most basic concepts, "substances," which include (1) stuffs (gold, milk), (2) real kinds (cat, chair) and (3) individuals (Mama, Bill Clinton, The Empire State Building). On the basis of something important that all three have in common, our earliest and most basic concepts of them are identical in structure. The membership of the category "cat," like that of "Mama," is a natural unit in nature, to which the concept cat does something like pointing, and continues to point despite large changes in the properties the thinker represents the unit as having. For example, large changes can occur in the way a child identifies cats and the things it is willing to call "cat" without affecting the extension of its word "cat." The difficulty is to cash in the metaphor of "pointing" in this context. Having substance concepts need not depend on knowing words, but language interacts with substance concepts, completely transforming the conceptual repertoire. I will discuss how public language plays a crucial role in both the acquisition of substance concepts and their completed structure.

Long Abstract:

Concepts are highly theoretical entities. One cannot study them empirically without committing oneself to substantial preliminary assumptions. Among the competing theories of concepts and categorization developed by psychologists in the last thirty years, the implicit theoretical assumption of "descriptionism" has never been seriously challenged. I present a nondescriptionist theory of our most basic concepts, "substances," which include (1) stuffs (gold, milk), (2) real kinds (cat, chair) and (3) individuals (Mama, Bill Clinton, The Empire State Building). On the basis of something important that all three have in common, our earliest and most basic concepts of them are identical in structure. The membership of the category "cat," like that of "Mama," is a natural unit in nature, to which the concept cat does something like pointing, and continues to point despite large changes in the properties the thinker represents the unit as having. For example, large changes can occur in the way a child identifies cats and the things it is willing to call "cat" without affecting the extension of its word "cat." The difficulty is to cash in the metaphor of "pointing" in this context. Having substance concepts need not depend on knowing words, but language interacts with substance concepts, completely transforming the conceptual repertoire. I will discuss how public language plays a crucial role in both the acquisition of substance concepts and their completed structure.

Keywords:	categorization, concepts, externalism, natural kinds, names, basic-level categories, child language, theory of meaning, Putnam.
Subjects:	Psychology: Cognitive Psychology Psychology: Developmental Psychology Linguistics: Learnability Linguistics: Morphology Linguistics: Phonology Linguistics: Pragmatics Linguistics: Semantics Linguistics: Syntax
ID code:	bbs00000518
Deposited by:	Ruth G Millikan on 02 May 2001