Figure 3. A plotting of loadings of personality traits derived in 11 studies in which more than one multidimensional personality questionnaire was jointly factor analyzed as a means of deriving general traits of personality. All of these studies defined a general nonaffective impulsivity trait, referred to as constraint (horizontal dimension in the figure), that was separate from the general extraversion trait (vertical dimension in the figure). The figure illustrates three clusterings of traits: an extraversion cluster at the high end of the extraversion dimension; conscientiousness and psychoticism-aggression clusters at the high and low end of the constraint dimension, respectively; and an impulsivity-sensation seeking cluster within the dashed lines. The figure illustrates that extraversion and nonaffective constraint dimensions are generally identified and found to be orthogonal, and that impulsivity-sensation seeking traits associated with strong positive affective arise as a joint function of the interaction of extraversion and constraint. See Appendix B for the identity of the trait measure abbreviations with numbers, the questionnaires to which the abbreviations correspond, and the studies providing the trait loadings.